List of Illustrations

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3-1: Distribution of number of private and public airports in 2011 in th...

FIGURE 3-2: The power of a statistical test increases as the sample size and th...

FIGURE 3-3: The power of a statistical test increases as the effect size increa...

FIGURE 3-4: Smaller effects need larger samples.

FIGURE 3-5: Skewed data (a) can sometimes be turned into normally distributed d...

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5-1: Simple randomization.

FIGURE 5-2: Random shuffling.

FIGURE 5-3: Blocked randomization.

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6-1: Example of multi-stage sampling from the National Health and Nutrit...

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7-1: Study design hierarchy.

FIGURE 7-2: Levels of evidence in study designs.

FIGURE 7-3: Ecologic study results.

FIGURE 7-4: 2x2 table cells.

FIGURE 7-5: Example of a typical case-control study 2x2 table.

FIGURE 7-6: Example of a typical cohort study 2x2 table.

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9-1: A frequency bar chart (a) and pie chart (b).

FIGURE 9-2: Four different shapes of distributions: normal (a), skewed (b), poi...

FIGURE 9-3: Distributions can be left-skewed (a), symmetric (b), or right-skewe...

FIGURE 9-4: Three distributions: leptokurtic (a), normal (b), and platykurtic (...

FIGURE 9-5: Population distribution of systolic blood pressure (SBP) measuremen...

FIGURE 9-6: Log-normal data are skewed (a), but the logarithms are normally dis...

FIGURE 9-7: Bar charts showing mean values (a) and standard deviations (b).

FIGURE 9-8: Box-and-whiskers charts: no-frills (a) and with variable width and ...

Chapter 12

FIGURE 12-1: The observed results comparing CBD to NSAIDs for the treatment of ...

FIGURE 12-2: Expected cell counts if the null hypothesis is true (there is no a...

FIGURE 12-3: Differences between observed and expected cell counts if the null ...

FIGURE 12-4: Differences between observed and expected cell counts.

FIGURE 12-5: Components of the chi-square statistic: squares of the scaled diff...

FIGURE 12-6: A general way of naming the cells of a cross-tab table.

Chapter 13

FIGURE 13-1: These designations for cell counts and totals are used throughout ...